The Heterogeneous catalysts are vital in petrochemical refining, hydrogenation, oxidation, polymerization, and environmental remediation. In refineries, they are used in hydrocracking, reforming, and desulfurization, while in chemical manufacturing, they facilitate selective oxidation, hydrogenation, and ammonia synthesis.

Key benefits include ease of separation, reusability, high selectivity, and improved process efficiency. Their solid-state nature allows continuous operation in industrial reactors, reducing operational downtime, solid phase catalyst, catalytic surface reactions, industrial chemical catalyst, fixed-bed catalyst, heterogeneous reaction promoter and waste generation. Heterogeneous catalysts also support green chemistry initiatives by enabling cleaner reactions with minimal by-products.